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WebThe Purchase College psychology program provides a strong foundation for students who plan to continue their studies at graduate and professional schools. Our graduates are WebWe can write a paper for you in apa or mla format, harvard or turabian style, and you can even edit our paper yourself if you like. In terms of academic level, all subjects can be WebApr 4, · Are you working on a psychology research paper this semester? Whether or not this is your first research paper, the entire process can seem a bit overwhelming at WebThis is when you will certainly find WowEssays' free samples catalog extremely useful as it includes numerous skillfully written works on most various Psychology Research WebResearch Papers on Psychology. Psychology is a field that studies the mental structure of an individual that causes him to act and think in the way he does. Finding a research ... read more
If you need a religion research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our research paper writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Neuroticism is a general dimension of individual differences. It is widely regarded as the single most important trait of human personality. Its importance is reflected in the fact that it has been included in virtually every trait model that has been developed during the twentieth century. This research paper examines basic characteristics of the trait and then considers its broader significance. Personality traits can be ordered hierarchically, ranging from narrow lower-order characteristics to very broad higher-order dimensions.
Neuroticism is one of a small number of general traits that comprise the highest level of this hierarchy. This trait represents individual differences in the extent to which a person experiences the world as threatening, problematic, and distressing Watson et al. High scorers on this dimension experience various negative emotions e. They report suffering from a wide variety of problems including minor health problems and generally blame themselves for these problems; because of this, they tend to feel inadequate and inferior. Neurotic individuals are both self-critical and excessively sensitive to criticism, and they easily feel slighted.
They report elevated levels of stress in their lives, and indicate that they cope poorly with that stress. Finally, they tend to view the world with a negativistic bias, and so see threats, problems, and crises where others do not. In contrast, low scorers on this dimension are self-satisfied and view the world as benign; they report few problems, low levels of negative emotions, and little stress. As noted earlier, a neuroticism-like dimension has been included in virtually every prominent trait model. For instance, Cattell included the higher-order dimension of Adjustment-vs.
However, the trait was given many different names by personality researchers, and it is noteworthy that most of the early labels emphasized the relaxed, self-satisfied end of the dimension. This diversity of labels caused confusion in the field for several decades, because it was unclear whether all of these concepts actually reflected the same basic trait. However, integrative research in the s clearly established that the same basic dimension was being assessed in all of these models McCrae and Costa , Watson and Clark , Watson et al. This integration, in turn, stimulated an explosion of research on the trait during the late s and s. The genetic basis of neuroticism has been extensively investigated Clark and Watson Heritability estimates based on twin studies typically fall in the 0.
It also should be noted, however, that heritability estimates decline significantly with age and are consistently lower in older respondents. The remaining variance can be attributed entirely to the unshared environment; indeed, the evidence overwhelmingly suggests that the common rearing environment i. The nature of this genetic component has not yet been clearly established. The current thinking in the field, however, is that it gives rise to individual differences in sensitivity to painful, punishing, and stressful stimuli; that is, high scorers on the trait are innately disposed to show stronger adverse reactions to noxious and threatening stimuli. In support of this view, studies have shown that neurotic individuals report larger increases in negative emotion in response to unpleasant mood inductions.
In light of this evidence, it is not surprising that neuroticism scores are strongly stable over time see Clark and Watson Stability correlations typically fall in the 0. Stability coefficients still exceed 0. However, this stability is superimposed on a significant agerelated decline. Specifically, neuroticism scores peak in late adolescence and then begin a long, slow decline that continues at least into middle adulthood Clark and Watson , Helson and Klohnen After that, the evidence is less clear, but it appears that scores on the trait stabilize and show no further change. There also is a modest sex difference, with women scoring slightly higher on the trait than men. As stated previously, neuroticism is widely regarded to be the single most important trait of human personality.
This view reflects the fact that this dimension has important correlates across a broad range of functioning. This section explores three particularly rich research areas: a psychopathology, b job and marital satisfaction, and c health. Neuroticism has stronger, clearer, and broader associations with psychopathology than any other personality trait Clark and Watson , Mineka et al. Who We Are Contact Us Our Writers Our Guarantees FAQ Honor Code WowEssays Reviews Our Services. The Alchemist Critical Thinking Example. Read more. The Alchemist. The World. Show More Posts. Custom Writing. Email Please enter a valid email. Doesn't match any account. Sign up for an account.
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Sample Neuroticism Research Paper. Browse other research paper examples and check the list of research paper topics for more inspiration. If you need a religion research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our research paper writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Neuroticism is a general dimension of individual differences.
It is widely regarded as the single most important trait of human personality. Its importance is reflected in the fact that it has been included in virtually every trait model that has been developed during the twentieth century. This research paper examines basic characteristics of the trait and then considers its broader significance. Personality traits can be ordered hierarchically, ranging from narrow lower-order characteristics to very broad higher-order dimensions. Neuroticism is one of a small number of general traits that comprise the highest level of this hierarchy.
This trait represents individual differences in the extent to which a person experiences the world as threatening, problematic, and distressing Watson et al. High scorers on this dimension experience various negative emotions e. They report suffering from a wide variety of problems including minor health problems and generally blame themselves for these problems; because of this, they tend to feel inadequate and inferior. Neurotic individuals are both self-critical and excessively sensitive to criticism, and they easily feel slighted. They report elevated levels of stress in their lives, and indicate that they cope poorly with that stress. Finally, they tend to view the world with a negativistic bias, and so see threats, problems, and crises where others do not.
In contrast, low scorers on this dimension are self-satisfied and view the world as benign; they report few problems, low levels of negative emotions, and little stress. As noted earlier, a neuroticism-like dimension has been included in virtually every prominent trait model. For instance, Cattell included the higher-order dimension of Adjustment-vs. However, the trait was given many different names by personality researchers, and it is noteworthy that most of the early labels emphasized the relaxed, self-satisfied end of the dimension. This diversity of labels caused confusion in the field for several decades, because it was unclear whether all of these concepts actually reflected the same basic trait.
However, integrative research in the s clearly established that the same basic dimension was being assessed in all of these models McCrae and Costa , Watson and Clark , Watson et al. This integration, in turn, stimulated an explosion of research on the trait during the late s and s. The genetic basis of neuroticism has been extensively investigated Clark and Watson Heritability estimates based on twin studies typically fall in the 0. It also should be noted, however, that heritability estimates decline significantly with age and are consistently lower in older respondents. The remaining variance can be attributed entirely to the unshared environment; indeed, the evidence overwhelmingly suggests that the common rearing environment i.
The nature of this genetic component has not yet been clearly established. The current thinking in the field, however, is that it gives rise to individual differences in sensitivity to painful, punishing, and stressful stimuli; that is, high scorers on the trait are innately disposed to show stronger adverse reactions to noxious and threatening stimuli. In support of this view, studies have shown that neurotic individuals report larger increases in negative emotion in response to unpleasant mood inductions. In light of this evidence, it is not surprising that neuroticism scores are strongly stable over time see Clark and Watson Stability correlations typically fall in the 0.
Stability coefficients still exceed 0. However, this stability is superimposed on a significant agerelated decline. Specifically, neuroticism scores peak in late adolescence and then begin a long, slow decline that continues at least into middle adulthood Clark and Watson , Helson and Klohnen After that, the evidence is less clear, but it appears that scores on the trait stabilize and show no further change. There also is a modest sex difference, with women scoring slightly higher on the trait than men. As stated previously, neuroticism is widely regarded to be the single most important trait of human personality. This view reflects the fact that this dimension has important correlates across a broad range of functioning. This section explores three particularly rich research areas: a psychopathology, b job and marital satisfaction, and c health.
Neuroticism has stronger, clearer, and broader associations with psychopathology than any other personality trait Clark and Watson , Mineka et al. Elevated neuroticism has been linked to a wide array of clinical syndromes, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, personality and conduct disorders, and schizophrenia. Indeed, it is increasingly apparent that most psychological disorders are associated with elevated scores on this dimension. The breadth of these links is unsurprising, given that emotional distress is one of the defining criteria of both neuroticism and psychological disorder.
Neuroticism is particularly strongly related to clinical syndromes that contain a prominent component of subjective distress. For instance, the trait has extremely strong associations with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and borderline personality disorder. These links are so strong, in fact, that syndromes such as generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder essentially may represent extremely high levels of neuroticism Clark and Watson , Widiger et al. In support of this argument, recent twin study evidence strongly suggests that neuroticism, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression are genetically indistinguishable; in other words, they can all be traced to a single genetic diathesis that apparently reflects an underlying vulnerability to subjective distress and negative emotionality Mineka et al.
In contrast, neuroticism is more weakly related to disorders that are not centered on the experience of emotional distress. For instance, individuals with specific phobias e. High scorers on this dimension report a pervasive dissatisfaction with themselves and the world around them. This dissatisfaction influences almost every aspect of their lives. For instance, numerous studies have shown that neurotic individuals report greater marital dissatisfaction and show greater instability e. It is noteworthy that much of this evidence is longitudinal, demonstrating that neuroticism scores obtained early in a relationship predict its subsequent course.
The most striking evidence along these lines was reported by Kelly and Conley , who followed a large sample of couples from the mids through the early s. Their results indicated that respondents who initially were high in neuroticism assessed between and were more likely to become divorced over the course of the study. Moreover, neuroticism significantly predicted subsequent levels of marital dissatisfaction assessed in —5 and Thus, the trait showed significant predictive power over a time span of more than 40 years. Similarly, several studies have shown that high scorers on the trait report significantly greater job dissatisfaction Judge et al.
Again, much of the relevant evidence is longitudinal. Most notably, Staw et al. Given that neurotic individuals report more frequent and intense episodes of negative emotion, it was widely assumed that neuroticism was a significant vulnerability factor for physical illness. Consistent with this assumption, neuroticism scales consistently show significant, moderate correlations with measures of physical symptoms and health complaints. Moreover, this association is quite broad, with neurotic individuals reporting increased levels of headaches, chest pain, dizziness, nausea, coughing, sneezing, congestion, and numerous other problems see Watson and Pennebaker However, research conducted during the s and s indicated that neuroticism was not strongly or consistently related to objective indicators of health status, such as health-related behaviors e.
In other words, neuroticism is a much better predictor of subjective health complaints than it is of objective health status. Because of this, it is now widely recognized that neuroticism is an important nuisance factor that must be assessed and analyzed in health research. Neuroticism clearly has important implications for almost every aspect of human functioning. However, researchers still know relatively little about how this trait actually works. How do innate genetic biological differences give rise to such striking individual differences in distress and dissatisfaction? What maladaptive cognitive processes and behavioral strategies contribute to the obvious misery of neurotic individuals, and can they be eliminated through psychological treatment?
These questions will drive the next generation of research on neuroticism. Research Paper Examples. Psychology Research Paper. Neuroticism Research Paper. ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER Always on-time. FREE INQUIRY. ORDER NOW. Special offer! Promo code: cd1a
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WebNeuroticism is a general dimension of individual differences. It is widely regarded as the single most important trait of human personality. Its importance is reflected in the fact WebThe Purchase College psychology program provides a strong foundation for students who plan to continue their studies at graduate and professional schools. Our graduates are WebThis is when you will certainly find WowEssays' free samples catalog extremely useful as it includes numerous skillfully written works on most various Psychology Research WebResearch Papers on Psychology. Psychology is a field that studies the mental structure of an individual that causes him to act and think in the way he does. Finding a research WebWe can write a paper for you in apa or mla format, harvard or turabian style, and you can even edit our paper yourself if you like. In terms of academic level, all subjects can be WebApr 4, · Are you working on a psychology research paper this semester? Whether or not this is your first research paper, the entire process can seem a bit overwhelming at ... read more
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